Stable Release

The current stable release of the sudo 1.9 branch is version 1.9.14p2. For the sudo 1.8 branch, see legacy releases.

For full details of all changes, see the ChangeLog file or view the commit history via mercurial or GitHub

• Fixed a crash with Python 3.12 when the sudo Python python is unloaded. This only affects make check for the Python plugin.

• Adapted the sudo Python plugin test output to match Python 3.12.

• Fixed a crash on Linux systems introduced in version 1.9.14 when running a command with a NULL argv[0] if log_subcmds or intercept is enabled in sudoers.

• Fixed a problem with “stair-stepped” output when piping or redirecting the output of a sudo command that takes user input when running a command in a pseudo-terminal.

• Fixed a bug introduced in sudo 1.9.14 that affects matching sudoers rules containing a Runas_Spec with an empty Runas user. These rules should only match when sudo’s -g option is used but were matching even without the -g option. GitHub issue #290.

• Fixed an invalid free bug in sudo_logsrvd that was introduced in version 1.9.14 which could cause sudo_logsrvd to crash.

• The sudoers plugin no longer tries to send the terminal name to the log server when no terminal is present. This bug was introduced in version 1.9.14.

• Fixed a bug where if the intercept or log_subcmds sudoers option was enabled and a sub-command was run where the first entry of the argument vector didn’t match the command being run. This resulted in commands like sudo su - being killed due to the mismatch. Bug #1050.

• The sudoers plugin now canonicalizes command path names before matching (where possible). This fixes a bug where sudo could execute the wrong path if there are multiple symbolic links with the same target and the same base name in sudoers that a user is allowed to run. GitHub issue #228.

• Improved command matching when a chroot is specified in sudoers. The sudoers plugin will now change the root directory id needed before performing command matching. Previously, the root directory was simply prepended to the path that was being processed.

• When NETGROUP_BASE is set in the ldap.conf file, sudo will now perform its own netgroup lookups of the host name instead of using the system innetgr(3) function. This guarantees that user and host netgroup lookups are performed using the same LDAP server (or servers).

• Fixed a bug introduced in sudo 1.9.13 that resulted in a missing " ; " separator between environment variables and the command in log entries.

• The visudo utility now displays a warning when it ignores a file in an include dir such as /etc/sudoers.d.

• When running a command in a pseudo-terminal, sudo will initialize the terminal settings even if it is the background process. Previously, sudo only initialized the pseudo-terminal when running in the foreground. This fixes an issue where a program that checks the window size would read the wrong value when sudo was running in the background.

• Fixed a bug where only the first two digits of the TSID field being was logged. Bug #1046.

• The use_pty sudoers option is now enabled by default. To restore the historic behavior where a command is run in the user’s terminal, add Defaults !use_pty to the sudoers file. GitHub issue #258.

• Sudo’s -b option now works when the command is run in a pseudo-terminal.

• When disabling core dumps, sudo now only modifies the soft limit and leaves the hard limit as-is. This avoids problems on Linux when sudo does not have CAP_SYS_RESOURCE, which may be the case when run inside a container. GitHub issue #42.

• Sudo configuration file paths have been converted to colon-separated lists of paths. This makes it possible to have configuration files on a read-only file system while still allowing for local modifications in a different (writable) directory. The new --enable-adminconf configure option can be used to specify a directory that is searched for configuration files in preference to the sysconfdir (which is usually /etc).

• The intercept_verify sudoers option is now only applied when the intercept option is set in sudoers. Previously, it was also applied when log_subcmds was enabled.

• The NETGROUP_QUERY ldap.conf parameter can now be disabled for LDAP servers that do not support querying the nisNetgroup object by its nisNetgroupTriple attribute, while still allowing sudo to query the LDAP server directly to determine netgroup membership.

• Fixed a long-standing bug where a sudoers rule without an explicit runas list allowed the user to run a command as root and any group instead of just one of the groups that root is a member of. For example, a rule such as myuser ALL = ALL would permit sudo -u root -g othergroup even if root did not belong to othergroup.

• Fixed a bug where a sudoers rule with an explicit runas list allowed a user to run sudo commands as themselves. For example, a rule such as myuser ALL = (root) ALL, myuser should only allow commands to be run as root (optionally using one of root’s groups). However, the rule also allowed the user to run sudo -u myuser -g myuser command.

• Fixed a bug that prevented the user from specifying a group on the command line via sudo -g if the rule’s Runas_Spec contained a Runas_Alias.

• Sudo now requires a C99 compiler due to the use of flexible array members.

• Fixed a bug introduced in sudo 1.9.13 that caused a syntax error when list was used as a user or host name. GitHub issue #246.

• Fixed a bug that could cause sudo to hang when running a command in a pseudo-terminal when there is still input buffered after a command has exited.

• Fixed sudo -U otheruser -l command. This is a regression in sudo 1.9.13. GitHub issue #248.

• Fixed sudo -l command args when matching a command in sudoers with command line arguments. This is a regression in sudo 1.9.13. GitHub issue #249.

• Fixed the --enable-static-sudoers option, broken in sudo 1.9.13. GitHub issue #245.

• Fixed a potential double-free bug when matching a sudoers rule that contains a per-command chroot directive (CHROOT=dir). This bug was introduced in sudo 1.9.8.

• Fixed a typo in the configure script that resulted in a line like “]: command not found” in the output. GitHub issue #238.

• Corrected the order of the C23 [[noreturn]] attribute in function prototypes. This fixes a build error with GCC 13. GitHub issue #239.

• The check make target misbehaved when there was more than one version of the UTF-8 C locale in the output of locale -a. GitHub issue #241.

• Removed a dependency on the AC_SYS_YEAR2038 macro in configure.ac. This was added in autoconf 2.72 but sudo’s configure.ac only required autoconf 2.70. GitHub issue #242.

• Relaxed the autoconf version requirement to version 2.69.

• Fixed a bug running relative commands via sudo when log_subcmds is enabled. GitHub issue #194.

• Fixed a signal handling bug when running sudo commands in a shell script. Signals were not being forwarded to the command when the sudo process was not run in its own process group.

• Fixed a bug in the cvtsudoers LDIF parsing when the file ends without a newline and a backslash is the last character of the file.

• Fixed a potential use-after-free bug with cvtsudoers filtering. GitHub issue #198.

• Added a reminder to the default lecture that the password will not echo. This line is only displayed when the pwfeedback option is disabled. GitHub issue #195.

• Fixed potential memory leaks in error paths. GitHub issue #199. GitHub issue #202.

• Fixed potential NULL dereferences on memory allocation failure. GitHub issue #204. GitHub issue #211.

• Sudo now uses C23-style attributes in function prototypes instead of gcc-style attributes if supported.

• Added a new list pseudo-command in sudoers to allow a user to list another user’s privileges. Previously, only root or a user with the ability to run any command as either root or the target user on the current host could use the -U option. This also includes a fix to the log entry when a user lacks permission to run sudo -U otheruser -l command. Previously, the logs would indicate that the user tried to run the actual command, now the log entry includes the list operation.

• JSON logging now escapes control characters if they happen to appear in the command or environment.

• New Albanian translation from translationproject.org.

• Regular expressions in sudoers or logsrvd.conf may no longer contain consecutive repetition operators. This is implementation- specific behavior according to POSIX, but some implementations will allocate excessive amounts of memory. This mainly affects the fuzzers.

• Sudo now builds AIX-style shared libraries and dynamic shared objects by default instead of svr4-style. This means that the default sudo plugins are now .a (archive) files that contain a .so shared object file instead of bare .so files. This was done to improve compatibility with the AIX Freeware ecosystem, specifically, the AIX Freeware build of OpenSSL. Sudo will still load svr4-style .so plugins and if a .so file is requested, either via sudo.conf or the sudoers file, and only the .a file is present, sudo will convert the path from plugin.so to plugin.a(plugin.so) when loading it. This ensures compatibility with existing configurations. To restore the old, pre-1.9.13 behavior, run configure using the –with-aix-soname=svr4 option.

• Sudo no longer checks the ownership and mode of the plugins that it loads. Plugins are configured via either the sudo.conf or sudoers file which are trusted configuration files. These checks suffered from time-of-check vs. time-of-use race conditions and complicate loading plugins that are not simple paths. Ownership and mode checks are still performed when loading the sudo.conf and sudoers files, which do not suffer from race conditions. The sudo.conf developer_mode setting is no longer used.

• Control characters in sudo log messages and sudoreplay -l output are now escaped in octal format. Space characters in the command path are also escaped. Command line arguments that contain spaces are surrounded by single quotes and any literal single quote or backslash characters are escaped with a backslash. This makes it possible to distinguish multiple command line arguments from a single argument that contains spaces.

• Improved support for DragonFly BSD which uses a different struct procinfo than either FreeBSD or 4.4BSD.

• Fixed a compilation error on Linux arm systems running older kernels that may not define EM_ARM in linux/elf-em.h. GitHub issue #232.

• Fixed a compilation error when LDFLAGS contains -Wl,–no-undefined. Sudo will now link using -Wl,–no-undefined by default if possible. GitHub issue #234.

• Fixed a bug executing a command with a very long argument vector when log_subcmds or intercept is enabled on a system where intercept_type is set to trace. GitHub issue #194.

• When sudo is configured to run a command in a pseudo-terminal but the standard input is not connected to a terminal, the command will now be run as a background process. This works around a problem running sudo commands in the background from a shell script where changing the terminal to raw mode could interfere with the interactive shell that ran the script. GitHub issue #237.

• A missing include file in sudoers is no longer a fatal error unless the error_recovery plugin argument has been set to false.

• Fixed a compilation error on Linux/aarch64. GitHub issue #197.

• Fixed a potential crash introduced in the fix GitHub issue #134. If a user’s sudoers entry did not have any RunAs user’s set, running sudo -U otheruser -l would dereference a NULL pointer.

• Fixed a bug introduced in sudo 1.9.12 that could prevent sudo from creating a I/O files when the iolog_file sudoers setting contains six or more Xs.

• Fixed a compilation issue on AIX with the native compiler. GitHub issue #231.

• Fixed CVE-2023-22809, a flaw in sudo’s -e option (aka sudoedit) that could allow a malicious user with sudoedit privileges to edit arbitrary files. For more information, see Sudoedit can edit arbitrary files.

• Sudo’s configure script now does a better job of detecting when the -fstack-clash-protection compiler option does not work. GitHub issue #191.

• Fixed CVE-2022-43995, a potential out-of-bounds write for passwords smaller than 8 characters when passwd authentication is enabled. This does not affect configurations that use other authentication methods such as PAM, AIX authentication or BSD authentication.

• Fixed a build error with some configurations compiling host_port.c.

• Fixed a bug in the ptrace-based intercept mode where the current working directory could include garbage at the end.

• Fixed a compilation error on systems that lack the stdint.h header. Bug #1035.

• Fixed a bug when logging the command’s exit status in intercept mode. The wrong command could be logged with the exit status.

• For ptrace-based intercept mode, sudo will now attempt to verify that the command path name, arguments and environment have not changed from the time when they were authorized by the security policy. The new intercept_verify sudoers setting can be used to control this behavior.

• Fixed running commands with a relative path (e.g. ./foo) in intercept mode. Previously, this would fail if sudo’s current working directory was different from that of the command.

• Sudo now supports passing the execve(2) system call the NULL pointer for the argv and/or envp arguments when in intercept mode. Linux treats a NULL pointer like an empty array.

• The sudoers LDAP schema now allows sudoUser, sudoRunasUser and sudoRunasGroup to include UTF-8 characters, not just 7-bit ASCII.

• Fixed a problem with sudo -i on SELinux when the target user’s home directory is not searchable by sudo. GitHub issue #160.

• Neovim has been added to the list of visudo editors that support passing the line number on the command line.

• Fixed a bug in sudo’s SHA384 and SHA512 message digest padding.

• Added a new -N (no-update) command line option to sudo which can be used to prevent sudo from updating the user’s cached credentials. It is now possible to determine whether or not a user’s cached credentials are currently valid by running:

  $ sudo -Nnv

  and checking the exit value. One use case for this is to indicate in a shell prompt that sudo is “active” for the user.

• PAM approval modules are no longer invoked when running sub-commands in intercept mode unless the intercept_authenticate option is set. There is a substantial performance penalty for calling into PAM for each command run. PAM approval modules are still called for the initial command.

• Intercept mode on Linux now uses process_vm_readv(2) and process_vm_writev(2) if available.

• The XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP environment variable is now preserved by default. This makes it possible for graphical applications to choose the correct theme when run via sudo.

• On 64-bit systems, if sudo fails to load a sudoers group plugin, it will use system-specific heuristics to try to locate a 64-bit version of the plugin.

• The cvtsudoers manual now documents the JSON and CSV output formats. GitHub issue #172.

• Fixed a bug where sub-commands were not being logged to a remote log server when log_subcmds was enabled. GitHub issue #174.

• The new log_stdin, log_stdout, log_stderr, log_ttyin, and log_ttyout sudoers settings can be used to support more fine-grained I/O logging. The sudo front-end no longer allocates a pseudo-terminal when running a command if the I/O logging plugin requests logging of stdin, stdout, or stderr but not terminal input/output.

• Quieted a libgcrypt run-time initialization warning. This fixes Debian bug #1019428 and Ubuntu bug #1397663.

• Fixed a bug in visudo that caused literal backslashes to be removed from the EDITOR environment variable. GitHub issue #179.

• The sudo Python plugin now implements the find_spec method instead of the the deprecated find_module. This fixes a test failure when a newer version of setuptools that doesn’t include find_module is found on the system.

• Fixed a bug introduced in sudo 1.9.9 where sudo_logsrvd created the process ID file, usually /var/run/sudo/sudo_logsrvd.pid, as a directory instead of a plain file. The same bug could result in I/O log directories that end in six or more X’s being created literally in addition to the name being used as a template for the mkdtemp(3) function.

• Fixed a long-standing bug where a sudoers rule with a command line argument of “”, which indicates the command may be run with no arguments, would also match a literal "" on the command line. GitHub issue #182.

• Added the -I option to visudo which only edits the main sudoers file. Include files are not edited unless a syntax error is found.

• Fixed sudo -l -U otheruser output when the runas list is empty. Previously, sudo would list the invoking user instead of the list user. GitHub issue #183.

• Fixed the display of command tags and options in sudo -l output when the RunAs user or group changes. A new line is started for RunAs changes which means we need to display the command tags and options again. GitHub issue #184.

• The sesh helper program now uses getopt_long(3) to parse the command line options.

• The embedded copy of zlib has been updated to version 1.2.13.

• Fixed a bug that prevented event log data from being sent to the log server when I/O logging was not enabled. This only affected systems without PAM or configurations where the pam_session and pam_setcred options were disabled in the sudoers file.

• Fixed a bug where sudo -l output included a carriage return after the newline. This is only needed when displaying to a terminal in raw mode. Bug #1042.

• Fixed “connection reset” errors on AIX when running shell scripts with the intercept or log_subcmds sudoers options enabled. Bug #1034.

• Fixed very slow execution of shell scripts when the intercept or log_subcmds sudoers options are set on systems that enable Nagle’s algorithm on the loopback device, such as AIX. Bug #1034.

• Fixed a compilation error on Linux/x86_64 with the x32 ABI.

• Fixed a regression introduced in 1.9.11p1 that caused a warning when logging to sudo_logsrvd if the command returned no output.

• Correctly handle EAGAIN in the I/O read/right events. This fixes a hang seen on some systems when piping a large amount of data through sudo, such as via rsync. Bug #963.

• Changes to avoid implementation or unspecified behavior when bit shifting signed values in the protobuf library.

• Fixed a compilation error on Linux/aarch64.

• Fixed the configure check for seccomp(2) support on Linux.

• Corrected the EBNF specification for tags in the sudoers manual page. GitHub issue #153.

• Fixed a crash in the Python module with Python 3.9.10 on some systems. Additionally, make check now passes for Python 3.9.10.

• Error messages sent via email now include more details, including the file name and the line number and column of the error. Multiple errors are sent in a single message. Previously, only the first error was included.

• Fixed logging of parse errors in JSON format. Previously, the JSON logger would not write entries unless the command and runuser were set. These may not be known at the time a parse error is encountered.

• Fixed a potential crash parsing sudoers lines larger than twice the value of LINE_MAX on systems that lack the getdelim() function.

• The tests run by make check now unset the LANGUAGE environment variable. Otherwise, localization strings will not match if LANGUAGE is set to a non-English locale. Bug #1025.

• The “starttime” test now passed when run under Debian faketime. Bug #1026.

• The Kerberos authentication module now honors the custom password prompt if one has been specified.

• The embedded copy of zlib has been updated to version 1.2.12.

• Updated the version of libtool used by sudo to version 2.4.7.

• Sudo now defines _TIME_BITS to 64 on systems that define __TIMESIZE in the header files (currently only GNU libc). This is required to allow the use of 64-bit time values on some 32-bit systems.

• Sudo’s intercept and log_subcmds options no longer force the command to run in its own pseudo-terminal. It is now also possible to intercept the system(3) function.

• Fixed a bug in sudo_logsrvd when run in store-first relay mode where the commit point messages sent by the server were incorrect if the command was suspended or received a window size change event.

• Fixed a potential crash in sudo_logsrvd when the tls_dhparams configuration setting was used.

• The intercept and log_subcmds functionality can now use ptrace(2) on Linux systems that support seccomp(2) filtering. This has the advantage of working for both static and dynamic binaries and can work with sudo’s SELinux RBAC mode. The following architectures are currently supported: i386, x86_64, aarch64, arm, mips (log_subcmds only), powerpc, riscv, and s390x. The default is to use ptrace(2) where possible; the new intercept_type sudoers setting can be used to explicitly set the type.

• New Georgian translation from translationproject.org.

• Fixed creating packages on CentOS Stream.

• Fixed a bug in the intercept and log_subcmds support where the execve(2) wrapper was using the current environment instead of the passed environment pointer. Bug #1030.

• Added AppArmor integration for Linux. A sudoers rule can now specify an APPARMOR_PROFILE option to run a command confined by the named AppArmor profile.

• Fixed parsing of the server_log setting in sudo_logsrvd.conf. Non-paths were being treated as paths and an actual path was treated as an error.

• Added new log_passwords and passprompt_regex sudoers options. If log_passwords is disabled, sudo will attempt to prevent passwords from being logged. If sudo detects any of the regular expressions in the passprompt_regex list in the terminal output, sudo will log ‘*’ characters instead of the terminal input until a newline or carriage return is found in the input or an output character is received.

• Added new log_passwords and passprompt_regex settings to sudo_logsrvd that operate like the sudoers options when logging terminal input.

• Fixed several few bugs in the cvtsudoers utility when merging multiple sudoers sources.

• Fixed a bug in sudo_logsrvd parsing the sudo_logsrvd.conf file, where the retry_interval in the [relay] section was not being recognized.

• Restored the pre-1.9.9 behavior of not performing authentication when sudo’s -n option is specified. A new noninteractive_auth sudoers option has been added to enable PAM authentication in non-interactive mode. GitHub issue #131.

• On systems with /proc, if the /proc/self/stat (Linux) or /proc/pid/psinfo (other systems) file is missing or invalid, sudo will now check file descriptors 0-2 to determine the user’s terminal. Bug #1020.

• Fixed a compilation problem on Debian kFreeBSD. Bug #1021.

• Fixed a crash in sudo_logsrvd when running in relay mode if an alert message is received.

• Fixed an issue that resulting in “problem with defaults entries” email to be sent if a user ran sudo when the sudoers entry in the nsswitch.conf file includes “sss” but no sudo provider is configured in /etc/sssd/sssd.conf. Bug #1022.

• Updated the warning displayed when the invoking user is not allowed to run sudo. If sudo has been configured to send mail on failed attempts (see the mail_* flags in sudoers), it will now print “This incident has been reported to the administrator.” If the mailto or mailerpath sudoers settings are disabled, the message will not be printed and no mail will be sent.

• Fixed a bug where the user-specified command timeout was not being honored if the sudoers rule did not also specify a timeout.

• Added support for using POSIX extended regular expressions in sudoers rules. A command and/or arguments in sudoers are treated as a regular expression if they start with a ‘^’ character and end with a ‘$’. The command and arguments are matched separately, either one (or both) may be a regular expression. Bug #578, GitHub issue #15.

• A user may now only run sudo -U otheruser -l if they have a “sudo ALL” privilege where the RunAs user contains either root or otheruser. Previously, having “sudo ALL” was sufficient, regardless of the RunAs user. GitHub issue #134.

• The sudo lecture is now displayed immediately before the password prompt. As a result, sudo will no longer display the lecture unless the user needs to enter a password. Authentication methods that don’t interact with the user via a terminal do not trigger the lecture.

• Sudo now uses its own closefrom() emulation on Linux systems. The glibc version may not work in a chroot jail where /proc is not available. If close_range(2) is present, it will be used in preference to /proc/self/fd.